Architectural Project

Parliamentary structures are constantly intended to pull in various individuals implying that the more amazing the structure, the more grounded the general population and national premium and response to them.â These structures ordinarily mirror the custom and dependability demonstrating that they depict the picture or the ordering nearness of the state (Daniel, 1995).The parliamentary structures are additionally known to give beliefs of national character and pride of a given state indicating its strength.â Splendor and order, even grandness is constantly appeared in the most stupendous of parliamentary structures particularly those in America in the nineteenth century.The Norman Foster New German parliament is an undertaking of engineering since it has created after decimation of numerous parliamentary buildings.â Attention was first committed to German turn of events, both as to the Bundestag working in Berlin (Michael, 1998).The Reichstag building is recorded known for its extravagance in touchy chronicled and political associations.â â These structures have brought up certain issues of national images, inquiries of the European conventions and popularity based goal of the recently rejoined Germany.This why there has been banters on whether the new parliament building is something to do with legislative issues or architecture.â But in the genuine sense it is accepted to be a compositional venture following the progressions that have been knowledgeable about the field of design since early ages in the structure and reconstructing of the parliament. (Health food nut, 2003).Early structural changes started from year 1949 †1971 after reunification of Germany.â They began reconstructing ventures and extending the parliament in Bonn.â Architectural changes were embraced from 1949 by a main modeler of the day by the name Haris Schwippert. He set out another chamber for the Bundestag which was finished for a short while.The venture was comprised of glass indicating that they were a trademark of German post-war compositional style.â Several little improvements existed to the parliament structures site by 1969 when a huge multi-story building was raised to oblige individuals and other services.â The structure comprised of 30 stories and was a prominent milestone in Bonn district since it could be seen from Rhine.Towards the finish of 1969 the bureaucratic bureau requested a stop to the adhoc building projects of the administration in Bonn (Stephen, 2005).â The bureau at that point shaped a commission to take a gander at a more extensive town arranging ramifications of government office and parliamentary accommodation.Restructuring of the town and new structures was a design worry in the country.â The parliament new structure was to contain office hinders for government, youngster care offices, a universal meeting place, new structures for Bundestage, and the bundestrat lastly an inn with apartment.All these prompted a great deal of entanglements and confusions.â This constrained the diverse engineering firms to do a few tasks as a team with different firms. This prompted further improvement in the upgrading of the Bonn parliamentary structure from 1971 †1992. (Cultivate, 2000).The design firms made a great deal of restructural difficulties, courses of action and interview with the concerned citizens.â The amended arrangement was then reported or proclaimed in the December 1978.â Further engineering rivalries were experienced by this time.In1983 another intricacy developed when it was discovered that the texture of the primary chamber (plenarsaal) was truly hindered. This necessary the parliament working to be crushed as it couldn't be re-manufactured an as indicated by the engineering discoveries. Different specialists were called for exhortation and in the end result it rose that conservation of the current structure in its system would extraordinarily expand use due to its unaccept able nature.The choice to assemble new parliamentary structure was at long last made after along conversation that didn't need the structure to be demolished.â Many partners needed the main influenced chamber to be reconstructed (Corola, 2004).â However the destruction of the new chamber prevailing since the state government had restricted capacity to intercede in issues influencing the administrative parliament.The remaking of the chamber included other subordinate offices nearby it implying that the undertaking was relied upon to be more extensive than simply the chamber it self. (Jaeger, 1999).

The Seizure Of Trumps Jet Essays - Libertarian Theory,

The Seizure Of Trump's Jet The Seizure of Trump's Jet The inquiry has been introduced: Would it be directly for an administration to seize and sell one of Donald Trump's numerous Learjets so as to pay for a real existence sparing disease treatment? A rehashing of this inquiry might be : Would it be directly for the administration to hold onto the property of any man so as to profit the general public on the loose? The response to this inquiry is definitely not a straightforward one. The request quickly uncovers a few layered inquiries concerning the issue. One may look first into the characteristic privileges of man. What rights does man have as indicated essentially? Furthermore, one must consider the privileges of a man as a major aspect of a general public or one who has gone into an implicit understanding. The third angle up for perception is the code of the specific culture of which that man is a section, for this situation the United States of America. Every one of these perspectives intensified may yield a precise picture on whet her an activity of the sort, seizure of private property for the open great, would be correct, ethics not considered. Notwithstanding, with ethics thought about, the multifaceted nature of accomplishing an answer may compound with each ethical hypothesis. A few people have endeavored to address the above inquiries among them Rousseau, the journalists of French Revolutionary records, the creators of the United States Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and Hume with regards to profound quality. All people appear to concur that man is brought into the world with some similarity to characteristic rights however they differ on precisely what these rights are and their importance. They likewise observe the requirement for society and implicit understandings, yet they contend the point on precisely what ought to be remembered for such agreements and their conditions. Hume composes with regards to whether such things are good. The United States Declaration of Independence, The Social Contract and Discourse on the starting point of Inequality of Rousseau, and the Rousseau impacted French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen all appear to concur that man is brought into the world with specific resources. In any case, the understanding stops with that declaration. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold these facts to act naturally apparent, that all men are made equivalent, that they are enriched by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen likewise states, Men are conceived, and consistently proceed, free and equivalent in regard of their right. The two records declare that man isn't brought into the world just as a free being, yet as equivalent to every single other man. In regard of this opportunity and fairness, there are rights that must normally be given to man. Rousseau denies such cases. He concurs that man is broug ht into the world free, however he isn't really brought into the world equivalent to all others. Rousseau writes in the start of his Discourse, I think about two sorts of imbalance in the human species: one which I call regular or physical, in light of the fact that it is set up ordinarily and comprises in the distinction old enough, wellbeing, substantial quality, and characteristics of psyche or soul(Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, p37-38). The announcement suggests that men are in actuality not made similarly, so would it be a good idea for them to be permitted a similar characteristic rights? As indicated by Rousseauean suspected, this inquiry is practically careless. Man in the condition of nature works on the sole motivation behind attempting to endure. He is indifferent with others, not as in he is barbarous, yet in that he has constrained contact as he in not an individual from a general public. The idea of rights as man realizes them currently isn't regular, yet a sh ow of society. Rousseau's investigation of property rights further builds up such rights as results of society. Man started having just his work , as per Rousseau. Through this he came to guarantee land as his own, It is work alone that, in giving the cultivator a privilege to the result of the dirt he has worked, therefore gives him this right, in any event until the collect, and along these lines from year to year. With this proceeding with ownership continuous, it is effectively moved

How to Become a Psychotherapist

How to Become a Psychotherapist Psychotherapy Print How to Become a Psychotherapist By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Are you looking for a rewarding career in which you can genuinely help people and enrich their lives? Becoming a therapist may be an excellent choice for you. While people often assume therapists have to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, there are a few different training and educational paths you can take toward this fulfilling career. What Do Therapists Do? The term therapist is often a used generically to describe a number of health care professionals who provide mental health services to clients. For instance, a clinical psychologist and licensed professional counselor may both work with a variety of mental health concerns in various settings. One of the primary differences in therapists is that a psychologist has a Ph.D. while a counselor typically holds a masters degree. Some career paths can also take you into a particular specialty. A substance abuse therapist works with people dealing with addiction while a marriage and family therapist focuses on relationship issues. Likewise, a licensed school psychologist works with children in a school system. A licensed social worker often works in the broader community, though this can have specialties as well. You might choose to focus on families, schools, public health, substance abuse, corrections, or the community in general. Yet another career option is to study for a degree as a rehabilitation therapist. In this path, you may do a mixture of work with mental health as well as the physical health side. It primarily involves working with people who have disabilities or injuries to help them get the most out of their lives. These are some of the more common examples and there are additional types of practice that you can pursue. If you have a particular interest, discuss it with an advisor and they can point out all your options. Begin by Assessing Your Interests and Goals While becoming a therapist might be your goal, the steps that you take to achieve it depends largely on the type of therapist you want to become. Therapists work in a wide range of settings and with diverse populations, so start your planning process by considering where you would like to work. Do you want to work with children? Becoming a clinical psychologist or licensed social worker are good options for reaching this goal. If on the other hand, you are interested in working with families or couples, a licensed marriage and family therapist or mental health counselor may be right for you. Do you want to help people overcome substance abuse problems? A degree in clinical psychology or mental health counseling might be a good option. As you might quickly realize, there are nearly as many degree options as there are job descriptions for different types of therapists. By getting a general idea of what you would like to achieve as a therapist, you will be in a better position to select a school and choose a degree option. Learn About Therapy Degree Options If your goal is to become a therapist, your first step will probably be to earn a bachelors degree in psychology. However, people with undergraduate degrees in other fields are often accepted into graduate training programs provided they make up some of the prerequisite coursework. Sociology, education, and health sciences are also good choices for students interested in becoming therapists. While an advanced degree in psychology can open up a wide variety of career options, there are several other program choices that you may also want to consider. The amount of time and training required to complete each degree varies. Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Psychology Earning a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in psychology offers perhaps the widest range of career options. Professionals who have earned a doctorate and become licensed psychologists can work with clients in a wide range of settings, including private practice. Earning a doctorate often takes between four and eight years of study beyond an undergraduate degree. Masters in Psychology In some states, individuals with a masters degree can become licensed psychologists. Masters degree holders can also work in a number of different mental health care settings. It is important to check the guidelines in your state to determine what type of services you can provide with this degree. Masters Degree in Counseling If you are interested in working with children, adults, families, or couples, becoming a licensed professional counselor can be a great choice. It requires a masters degree in counseling. The 60 credits required to complete the degree can take between two and three years. This is dependent on your schedule and the individual program in which you are enrolled. In many cases, you may also have to complete an additional 12 to 16 credit hours of training to become licensed in your state. Masters Degree in Social Work Licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) usually complete two years of coursework beyond the undergraduate degree. It also often involves an internship and supervised experience directly in the field. Individuals with a masters in social work are often able to provide therapy to clients in a wide variety of settings and situations. Masters Degree in Advanced Psychiatric Nursing This often-overlooked degree option is a great choice for nurses who have an interest in mental health. Advanced psychiatric nurses are required to have a masters degree or higher in psychiatric-mental health nursing. This can take anywhere from two to three years to complete beyond the bachelors degree. A Word From Verywell After you have chosen the educational path that is right for your unique needs and interests, it is important to discuss your options with an academic counselor at the school of your choice. Prepare a list of questions about the specific degree requirements and state licensing guidelines for therapists. Its also wise to learn demographic information about students who have graduated from the program. With the right information and some careful thought, youll be on your way to a therapy career.

The Bourgeoisie Essay - 1503 Words

Karl Marx describes â€Å"Society as a whole [as being] more and more [split] up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other-bourgeoisie and proletariat† (Marx 124). As Marx made his distinction between upper class, bourgeoisie, and lower class, proletariats, it is important to keep in mind the societal structure at the time. To understand how classes were created and the disparity between the rich and poor, or, bourgeoisie and proletariat, it is necessary to examine how people came to be rich and poor. Exploring a time before money existed will help us to process and understand reasons why the binary between rich and poor exists and how it is reflective of low and high art distinctions.†¦show more content†¦With the commodification of natural resources, there becomes a dependency between those who control the resources and all those who need to use them. At this stage of society people are no longer self-sufficient, but rely up on the network of society to provide food, shelter and jobs (Rousseau). At this level of society, the founders most often control the resources and begin to live in excess compared to the rest of the populace. Rousseau’s final stage 4) is the state of war, which is triggered when the rich deceive the poor, and the poor begin to rebel. This state of war is rooted in the transition from a free, independent mode of living to a regulated lifestyle within the constraints of society. Someone has to establish any society and as a result, those who establish society through control of the natural resources will monopolize power (Rousseau). As we see, art does not arrive until all physiological needs or the basic needs are met as is evident by the happy savage stage. Art arrives with the improvement of manual labor and hunter-gatherer techniques in the division of labor. The division of labor in turn creates divisions within society, and we can see that evidence in the French colonial enslavement of native peoples and African slave trade throughout history. The rich and poor binary canShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of The Bourgeoisie1664 Words   |  7 Pages In reaction to the power the bourgeoisie have over the proletariat, the narrator uses her defense mechanism of acting out to get power over herself back. Acting out involves preforming external actions that mirror how one is internally feeling. This can be seen when the narrator breaks a rule in the manual, and seeks affection from her window friend in the male shelter. As she states, â€Å"Tonight, his light isn’t on and so we don’t wave, but still, I undress in front of my lit window. I can’t knowRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto On The Bourgeoisie And The Proletariats1762 Words   |  8 Pageson the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. Throughout the text Marx focuses on the divide between the two classes, and the impact it had on society. Marx â€Å"the history all hitherto exi sting society is the history of class struggles.† Before the bourgeoisie rose to power, Feudal society was the dominant social system in which the upper class provided land and protection for the working class. Eventually the feudal society could not keep up with the growing demand of the market and the bourgeoisie aroseRead More Impact of the Bourgeoisie on Exploration During the Age of Discovery2315 Words   |  10 PagesImpact of the Bourgeoisie on Exploration During the Age of Discovery Thesis: Most people believe that The Age of Discovery was the product of a handful of adventurous explorers. They were an important part of this Age, but theirs was not the main motivation. I believe however, that the Bourgeoisie provided the impetus of this Age. The Bourgeoisie, a social class most distinct from the rest, remains one of the most influential economic leaders throughout Europe during the Age of DiscoveryRead MoreKarl Marx s Philosophy On The Development Of The Bourgeoisie967 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Marx’s take on the development of the bourgeoisie (the upper class), the proletariat (the lower class) and capitalism. Marx believes the bourgeoisie came out of the middle ages. He claims they were once the lower class. During the middle ages, the ruling class consisted of kings and queens, the feudal class. Following the Hegelian dialect, the normal people will get fed up of those more powerful, leading to internal contradictions. The bourgeoisie took charge of trade, as the traded the wayRead More Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1065 Words   |  5 PagesProletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisiesRead MoreThe Causes And Consequences Of Class Conflict Between The Bourgeoisie And The Proletariat1422 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The Bourgeoisie represented the members of a higher society which held onto the majority of the wealth and means also known as the owners of the means of production and the capitalists. While the proletariat class was constructed by individuals who belong to the working class or the poor. Focusing on the economic, social, and political implications of the rise of capitalism in Europe. With the r ise of capitalism, it was theorized that the bourgeoisie, a minorityRead More The Role of Autonomy and Responsibility Held by the Bourgeoisie during the Industrial Revolution1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Autonomy and Responsibility Held by the Bourgeoisie during the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution the population was broken up into two classes; the minority was the rich, industrial middle class, the bourgeoisie, and the majority was the poor working class, the proletariat. The bourgeoisie believed in their rights to gain wealth and preserve individuality and in their duty to maintain these rights, which in turn determined the harsh laboring and livingRead MoreBourgeoisie And Industrialism1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthe early years of industrialization. Both images portray a glorified view of the Bourgeoisie, who were owners of the means of production, and the Proletariat, members of the working class. These two social classes propelled the Industrial Revolution in Europe. The two images titled Orphaned Girls and Boys in a Welfare Institution, present an idealized situation of the Industrial Revolution and argue that the Bourgeoisie depended on the labor of the Proletariat for economic prosperity and survival.Read MoreThe Siege Mentality Of The Bourgeoisie1494 Words   |  6 PagesThomas G. Pelham III IB World Literature Dr. Smith 20 May 2015 The Siege Mentality of the Bourgeoisie in Ibsen’s A Doll House By the time of Ibsen’s A Doll House (1879) the bourgeoisie was firmly established as the dominant class in Europe. To legitimize their power capitalists defined themselves against other classes, claiming they possessed inherent qualities justifying their position. A rigid moral system and social code reinforced class stratification. These structures also enforced conformityRead MoreMarx and the Bourgeoisie Essay1908 Words   |  8 Pagesessay I plan to analyze the claim by Karl Marx that the bourgeoisie class produces its own gravediggers. I will first present a definition of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat classes along with what Marx means by his claim. After discussing Marxs claim and his support I will assert that his claim is false and was based on a false assumption. I will argue that Marx does not allow the possibility of an adaptation on behalf of the bourgeoisie. Furthermore, that Marx contradicts his claim with his

Capital Mobility And The Financial Crisis - 1918 Words

Capital mobility in the Eurozone ECO209 paper assignment Lei Lin #1000672195 Introduction: As the economy becomes more and more integrated, the trade barriers between individual countries are gradually removed. People now have more options in terms of goods, services, and of course investments, meaning capital flows are more mobile nowadays. However, deregulation of the capital raises controversy and concerns about whether if increasing capital mobility is going to bring prosperity, not only to the world economy in general, but to each country individually. According to Helleiner (1994), high capital mobility is claimed to be one of the causes to the 09 financial crisis as huge capital inflow entered into the US border and changed the housing structure and then gave rise to the easy mortgage credit and housing bubbles. However, this paper intends to find the link between the capital mobility and the financial crisis in order to see if this tragic outcome is inevitable when we have a relatively high capital mobility. The paper takes the stance that increase capital mobility is going to ultimately benefit the world economy as well as bring opportunities to countries that are ready to liberate their capital flow. The article is taking the case study approach and focuses on Europe Union before, during and after the financial crisis, as EU seems to be promising to have some convincing empirical evidence. The purpose of the paper is to show advantages of having a highShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Developing Countries Adopting Capital Controls During A Recession1529 Words   |  7 PagesCapital control is defined as a type of measure governments can use to regulate and restrict the amount of money flowing from capital markets in order to keep inflation under control while maintaining a competitive real exchange rate. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been slowly shifting its beliefs to where capital control policies can be deemed useful for countries during a potential crisis. Some countries, especially the developing ones that implemented capital contro l policies have experiencedRead MoreArticle Analysis: On the Contradictions of the New International Financial Architecture: Another Procrustean Bed for Emerging Markets?1404 Words   |  6 PagesSummary: what is a main concept in the case or article? The main concept of the article is to explain why the New International Financial Architecture (NIFA) was created and who is being benefited from this approach. The discussion begins with an examination of the power structures of the global political economy by focusing on the continued dominance of the USA. The article presents the contradictory relations between USA and global finance will be explored so as to shed more critical lightRead Moreâ€Å"the Rapid Expansion of International Financial Market Since Early 1980s Have Integrated the World Economy†. Discuss.1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The rapid expansion of international financial market since early 1980s have integrated the world economy†. Discuss. The international financial system is a structure of markets within which organizations and individuals trade to support economic commitments made across national borders where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets are typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on tradingRead Moreâ€Å"the Rapid Expansion of International Financial Market Since Early 1980s Have Integrated the World Economy†. Discuss.1252 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The rapid expansion of international financial market since early 1980s have integrated the world economy†. Discuss. The international financial system is a structure of markets within which organizations and individuals trade to support economic commitments made across national borders where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets are typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on tradingRead MoreReview Of Robert Mundell s Trilemma Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesSection I: Exchange Rates Paper Robert Mundell’s Trilemma, also known as the Impossible Trinity, states that a nation cannot realize monetary policy autonomy, free capital movements, and exchange rate stability at the same time. While either of the two goals can combine and actualize in any given period, as a simultaneous and three-fold effort, each objective cannot coexist. Together they are simply incompatible. Thus, and holding true to the tradeoff-nature of economics, Mundell’s undisputed theoryRead MoreEssay about International Capital Mobility1764 Words   |  8 PagesInternational Capital Mobility International Capital mobility- the free flow of investment financing from one country to another is a hot topic in the world of economics. A common question that rises when discussing this matter is, does capital mobility benefit developing countries? As with most other subjects the answers tend to vary. In this paper I will shine light on the point of view of two respectable economists concerning the positive and negative affects associated with capital mobility. AlsoRead More International Capital Mobility Essay examples2849 Words   |  12 PagesInternational Capital Mobility â€Å"Globalization is todays reality. Like it or not, the move to a world economy is a fact of life. At some point in the 1990s the process achieved critical mass and people started to sit up and take notice. Many were apprehensive. Today, almost all of us are aware that our lives are being shaped by an interconnected world economy of cross-border flows of trade, finance and technology. In our hearts, we know that there is no going back.† -MariaRead MoreBanking, Money and Finance, Article Analysis Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pages The article is discussing of bank deposits and loans in the monetary transmission mechanism. It would lead the financial system to achieve monetary stability and creation of sound financial structure. The monetary policy implemented by bank can influence the real economy through monetary transmission mechanism such as money channel and credit channel. For example, in the short run, bank may sell off their securitiesRead MoreRussian Federation and United Kingdom: Comparison of Economy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEngland to Russia and UK were described in the third part of the report. Secondary online sources and macroeconomic books were used. SMALL AND LARGE OPEN ECONOMIES IN THE LONG RUN If an economy can interact freely, by selling capital assets and goods and services in world financial and product markets, with other countries in the world, it is considered to be an open economy. In open economy net export or trade balance (NX=EX-IM) should not be equal to the output (Y) of goods and services: NX=Y- (C+I+G)Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of Greece And Portugal1624 Words   |  7 PagesBrothers collapsed at the height of the financial crisis. Investors all over the world were shocked and creditors were equally horrified. Greece, the founder of true democracy, the originator of the olympics and the birthplace of geometry - was now $430 billion in debt. Never before had a country such as Greece imploded with such velocity and magnitude - that its government bond contracts were now considered toxic. It was an exact replay of the financial crisis, except that the insolvent borrower was

Group Manuscript Free Essays

Bacterial cells are a common choice for in vivo replication of DNA of interest, and in this study, the heat shock method was employed for bacterial transformation. Plasmids, which are DNA molecules themselves, were used as expression vectors for the DNA of interest, the GAP gene. Because only transformed cells exhibit antibiotic resistance, trans armed cells survived on plates containing inclining. We will write a custom essay sample on Group Manuscript or any similar topic only for you Order Now Only those cells that took up plasmid s containing the GAP gene fluoresced in IV light. By restriction enzyme analysis and gel electro prophesiers, the relationship between genotype and phenotype was observed using isolated p zamias from the bacteria. Because the presence of the GAP gene codes for fluorescence, it is expected t hat a genotype coding for the protein would express the glowing phenotype. Regular action of GAP gene expression was observed in samples that were grown with rabbinate, inimical in, and varying amounts Of glucose. Our results Suggest that the presence Of glucose in the s rounding environment inhibited transcription from the rabbinate bad promoter. Age 3 INTRODUCTION This study examined the transcriptional regulation Of the rabbinate Oberon pr emoted found in Escherichia coli (E. Coli). To facilitate this study, the Green Fluorescence t protein (GAP) was utilized as a reporter gene with the rabbinate promoter. The KEEP gene w as 772 base pairs (BP) long and was extracted from Quarrel Victoria. This gene was implanted into plasmids, which were inse rted into the E. Coli through bacterial transformation (3). In order to obtain enough copies of these DNA samples in a reasonable ammo NT of time, two methods can be used. The first is considered in vitro , or in glass, (such as a test tube) and is known as polymerase chain reaction. This method, in which a machine heats t he DNA sample ND Tag polymerase clones the DNA, is expensive and less convenient, so it is not always used. The other method is In Vivo , or in life, and is called transformation. This method was used in this experiment by shocking E. Coli bacteria with heat in order for them to take in plasmids that were transformed to contain the GAP gene. Not all bacteria were transformed, and not all transformed bacteria contained the GAP gene. To differentiate between transformed and n untransformed bacteria, they were grown on inclining, as the transformed bacteria were rest assistant to impact Olin but the untransformed bacteria were killed by it. The plasmids with and with out the GAP gene were differentiated by visualization under IV light (4). The genotype of the remaining plasmids, both transformed and nontransparent med, were then tested to determine the relationship between the genotype, or plasmid c imposition, and phenotype, or presence of fluorescence. The plasmids were removed from the e bacteria, with some samples left whole as controls and others cut into pieces by restriction enzymes. In this case, doll, originating from Hemophilia influenza , was the enzyme used to cut the plasmids Page 4 at their respective Hind doll sites, where the GAP gene would have been inserted. This was done to determine whether or not the KEEP gene was taken in by the plasmids when it was electrophoresis, as the difference in size of the pieces was observed in the gag arose gel (4). Even though a transformed bacterium may have had the GAP gene in its insert Ted plasmid, it needed the promoter bad (consisting of genes Arab, area, and award) and t he GAP gene in the right direction and position in order for the bacterium to have the potent al for fluorescence. It may still not have fluoresced if there was not enough rabbinate present for the bad promoter to run, or if a high concentration of glucose inside the cell was present to rep as the bad promoter. With all the necessary genetic coding for fluorescence, the amount that was visible depended on the amount of glucose present, as no glucose caused it to floorer see brightly, and a low concentration made it glow dully (4). Each step of this experiment was vital in analyzing the transcriptional regulate on of the rabbinate Oberon promoter. Through bacterial transformation, recombinant DNA and cloning methods were used in order to insert the GAP gene into the plasmid. The pellet of cells was then resume need using a pipette and vortex mixer. This allows for a XX concentration to be obtained. After spreading, the four plates were incubated upside down (overnight at 370 C) in a microbial incubator. Following incubation each plate was placed upside down n a IV box and photographed. Restriction Analysis In restriction analysis, two restriction enzyme digestion reactions (one uncut b Y enzyme, one cut by enzyme) occurred for each of the two DNA samples (nonresistant and non page 6 fluorescent, resistant and inflorescent, and resistant and fluorescent). For the uncut samples, components were added in the following order: Pl XIX Buffer ( supplied by environment by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ containing: 100 mm Trisect, pH 7. 5 100 mm Magical mm Theoretical 500 mm Nasal), 1 Pl Water, and 5 Pl DNA For the uncut samples, components were e added in the allowing order: Pl XIX Buffer, Pl Water, pi DNA, and III Handbill NZ. (sup plied by invitation by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ). After all components were added they were mixed by overexerting and collected at the bottom of the tubes by using the microelectronic gem The tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37 co. Following incubation, Pl of XIX loading g buffer (1% (w/v) SD (sodium decoded sulfate) 50% (v/v) glycerol 0. 05% (w/ v) bronchiole blue) was added to each tube. The samples were mixed by overexerting and collected at the e bottom of the tubes using the microelectronic- Agrees gel electrophoresis was prepared by ding Pl of 1 KGB plus ladder ( supplied by environment by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ) into the first and final well. 12. Pl of each sample was then loaded into remaining wells on the gel and the electro prioress was run for 1 hour at 1 VIVO. The gels were then placed in a IV box and photographed. Using the photo of the gel, the genotypes of each sample were verified. This was done by finding the size of fragments through comparison with the DNA standard ladder. Gene Expression TO allow for observation Of phenotypes gene expression, bacteria were transfer erred to three types of media: inducing, introducing, and repressing. Five plates were used: LB,’Amp, LB/Marry, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 2%, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 5%, LB/ Amp/AR/Glue 2% (xx). On each plate, bacteria with empty plasmids and therefore no GAP gene for flour essence were spread on one half, and bacteria with plasmids containing the GAP insert were e transferred to the Page 7 other. Both of these types of cells came from a master plate. Using a sterile to toothpick, each type of bacteria was patched in the appropriate area of each plate. GAP+ bacteria were patched in a â€Å"+† shape, while GAP bacteria were patched in a shape. Plates were labeled properly and Leary and were placed Poseidon in a ICC incubator overnight. Plates were e observed for fluorescent bacteria on the IV transformational box after 24 hours, after 72 h ours, and again after 96 hours. Page 8 RESULTS Bacterial Transformation In order to investigate GAP gene expression, it was first necessary to obtain co pies of the DNA of interest through bacterial transformation, which allowed for plasmid ( and sometimes GAP) uptake by numerous bacterium. Phenotypes results from this procedure can suggest possible genotypes. Transformation plates that were prepared after heat shoo KC transformation can be Seen in Figure 2. Individual colonies were visible on each AMP+ plate, while a lawn of bacteria had formed on the AMP plate and individual colonies were not discern enable. Under IV light, fluorescence was observed in those colonies expressing the GAP gene. If guru E highlights the difference observed between glowing and knowing bacterial colonies. The fraction of colonies that appear fluorescent and are assumed to be GAP+ is noted in Table e 1 along with complete results of this bacterial transformation (4). Structural Analysis by Restriction Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis TO confirm the structure Of DNA plasmid genotypes, samples were run through h gel electrophoresis after being treated with a restriction enzyme specific for cleave ins the gene of interest (GAP). Standards were run along with each of the components on the electrophoresis gel. In order to determine size in base pairs of fragments of interest, a graph of the e relationship between the size and migration of the bands in the 1 KGB plus DNA Ladder was assembled (Figure 4), and a line of best fit was determined. The relationship between the base 1 O log of size and migration is linear, and graphing them together gave a trend line with an ex. action useful in determining the size of experimental fragments with known migration values. These were the fragments obtained by cleaving the plasmids with the Handbill restriction enzyme. Table 2 page 9 organizes the sizes and migration distances for the fragments of the standard included during electrophoresis. These values were used to construct the calibration curve m mentioned before (Figure 4). Figure 3 shows the agrees gel obtained by gel electrophoresis. Ta able 3 lists all sizes determined based on comparison with the calibration curve generated from migration standards (Figure 4). Sizes are noted for both the vector and the insert (4). Analysis of Reporter Gene Expression Investigation of gene regulation and interaction of environmental rabbinate a ND/or glucose with genotype required GAP+ cells to be spread on various plates, an d fluorescence to be observed over time. Table 4 summarizes the observations of the phenotype o f patches streaked onto AMP plates containing or lacking rabbinate and/ or glucose. Glowing patches suggest expression of the GAP gene. Observations show that the rabbinate sample pop site for the GAP insert fluoresced brightly as time went on. The sample with rabbinate and 0. 2 % glucose increasingly fluoresced over time, while plates higher in percentage glucose c imposition did not fluoresce. Cells that were GAP were also spread in order to serve as a surrogate et marker. These cells do not contain the gene for GAP, so they will not fluoresce under IV light . This gives a comparison, making it easier to determine if cells are expressing GAP fluoresce once or not page 10 DISCUSSION Regulation of Gene Expression: The samples that were grown with rabbinate, inclining, and varying amounts of glucose showed that the presence of glucose in a bacterium’s surrounding environment NT can affect the ability of its rabbinate bad promoter. The plate with no glucose added flour cede brightly, while the plates with glucose added showed very little to no fluorescence. The only plate with glucose added that fluoresced in the end was the plate with the least glucose added These results are due to the glucose inhibiting the rabbinate Oberon from trap inscribing the bad promoter DNA. When glucose is present in a bacterium, the cell metal likes the glucose instead of the rabbinate, and the rabbinate Oberon is not utilized. However, when the cell is lacking glucose, it reaches a state of â€Å"hunger† and begins producing cyclic adenosine Mephistopheles (CAMP). This reacts with the CAMP receptor protein (CROP), who chi allows the cell to use rabbinate to induce the transcription of the rabbinate bad prom otter. This promoter contains the genes Arab area , and award, which are part of the rabbinate Oberon. This system can only function if rabbinate is present in the cell; otherwise the gene arc will prevent the rabbinate Oberon from carrying out transcription by forming a â€Å"knot,† or loop in the DNA The rabbinate bad promoter reacts with the GAP gene to show when the Arabian SSE Oberon is in use and how strongly it is induced by rabbinate (5). The plate with the least glucose added began to glow over time, as the cell be an using up the glucose in its environment by metabolize it for energy. It started to FL recurrences dully once the concentration of glucose was not high enough to fully repress the AR baboons Oberon, showing that there is a range of repression and induction, not just a state of † on† and â€Å"off’ for page 11 these function. The more the bacteria used the glucose, the less of it was arrow ND to repress the Oberon, which is why its fluorescence strength grew over time. If the study WA s to be continued past the 96 hour mark, all of the plates would have eventually fluoresced as t hey used up their loses resources and began activating the rabbinate Oberon (4). How to cite Group Manuscript, Papers

Physics Lab Report What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle Essay Example

Physics Lab Report What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle Paper Practice whirling the stopper in a horizontal plane until you can keep the paper clip a short distance just below the bottom of the tube. If the paper clip touches the bottom of the tube, then the clamp is no longer supplying the centripetal force. If the paper clips rises or falls appreciably as the stopper whirls then the radius of the circle is changing. B. Constant Radius and Variable Speed 3. With the paper clip against the tube and the string pulled taut, measure the length of the string from the top of the tube to the stopper. Record this as the radius, r, for all three data runs in 4. Whirl the stopper while maintaining a constant force reading on the scale. Once you obtain a constant force, start the stop watch and continue the whirling while monitoring the force. Stop the stopwatch after 30 rev. 5. Record your force and time in data table 1, data run 1. 6. Increase the rate of whirling while maintaining the clip just below the bottom of the tube, and observe what happens to the tension measured by the spring scale. It should increase. Repeat step 4 t this higher spring force. 7. Record your force and time in data table 1, data run 1. 8. Repeat step 6 and record the data in table 1, data run 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Lab Report What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Lab Report What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Lab Report What Keeps a Stopper Moving in a Circle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer C. Contact force and Variable Radius 9. Change the position of the paper clip to decrease the radius uniform circular motion for the stopper. Try to get as small a radius as you can and still be able to maintain a constant force. 10. Whirl the stopper while maintaining a constant force on the scale. Start the stop watch and continue the whirling while monitoring the force. Stop the stopwatch after 30 rev. 11. Record your force and time in data table 2, data run 1. With the paper clip against the bottom of the tube and the string pulled taut, measure the length of the string from the top of the tube to the stopper. Record this as the radius, r, in table 2, data run 1. 12. Change the position of the paper clip to increase the radius uniform circular motion for the stopper. Repeat step 10 at the same spring force as data run 1 . 13. Record your force and time in data table 2, data run 1. With the paper clip against the bottom of the tube and the string pulled taut, measure the length of the string from the top of the tube to the stopper. Record this as the radius, r, in table 2, data run 2. 14. Repeat step 12 measure the length of the string from the top of the tube to the stopper. Record this as the radius, r, in table 2, data run 2. Number of Revs 30 Table 1 Time ass IIS as Radius 0. 3 m 0. Mm Table 2 8. 94 s ass 0. 1 m 0. 2 m 3. 4. 1 . What does your data show about the relationship between centripetal force and change in speed at a constant radius of circular motion? 1 . As the speed increases the centripetal force also increases. 2. What do your data show about the relationship between radius of circular motion and change in speed at a constant centripetal force? 2. As the radius increases so does the speed of the stopper. 3. Analysis the resulting plot. Is there a pattern? If so what does the pattern mean? 4. Formulate an equation for the relationship between the spring force and the centripetal acceleration of the stopper. What does this equation tell you about the spring force? This shows that the spring force is in direct relation to the centripetal force. 5. Justify the method of recording time for 30 rev to minimize the error associated with calculating the speed of the stopper. In other labs you have used multiple data runs and averaged the data to minimize the random error associated with measuring. Why did you not have to do that on 5. To get the most accurate time we had the person timing also count the revolutions of the stopper. And we didnt have to do multiple data runs because the time is the least important In this lab we found that the variables of circular motion are directly related. We accomplished our goal which was to relate the variables involved in uniform circular motion. I also proved my hypothesis incorrect, my hypothesis was that the velocity of the stopper will increase as the radius is shortened, which in fact as the radius was shortened the velocity decreased. In this lab there were several sources of error, the stopper was spinning so fast we may have miss counted how many revolutions it had, and the force was not constant the entire time.